Panormia

Title	Panormia
Key	IP
Wikidata Item no.	Q42194025
Terminus post quem	1100
Terminus ante quem	1125
Century	saec. XII
European region of origin	Northern France
General region of origin	Northwestern Europe
Main author	Linda Fowler-Magerl

The Panormia is a short form of the Decretum of Ivo of Chartres divided into eight partes. In almost all manuscripts, the collection begins with the preface to the Decretum and for this reason was attributed to Ivo from the twelfth century on.

Sources, structure, versions

The formal sources of the Panormia are Ivo's Decretum (for the vast majority of its texts), the collection in the Ms Paris, Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal 713, and the Collectio IV librorum (for a handful of canons).

In almost all copies, the collection is introduced by Ivo's prologue to his Decretum, followed by a capitulatio. The collection itself is divided into eight books, with each book corresponding to one or more books of the Decretum; however, the two last books of the latter were left out completely. New material is often found at the beginning or the end of individual Panormia books. In many cases, the canons are short, as the compiler abbreviated them; most commonly, he omitted references to the penances for individual offences.

The first version of the Panormia had 134 canons in the last book. Most copies have two canons more. These texts, containing the so-called Forged Investiture Privileges, were apparently added early. In the present analysis all 136 canons are registered. A version with 154 canons is found in some manuscripts and in the Migne edition.

Manuscripts and editions

Manuscripts of the Panormia are very common. More copies have survived of it than of the Liber decretorum of Burchard.

The editio princeps was published by Sebastian Brant in Basel in 1499. Melchior Vosmedian published a second edition in 1557 in Louvain. Migne reprinted this second edition in Migne PL 161. 1037–1344. Migne decided to take the prologue for the Panormia from the edition of the Decretum. But the major weakness of the text in the Patrologia latina is that the rubrics in the edition do not appear in any of the manuscript copies; rather, they were taken from Gratian. In the earliest copies of the Panormia the individual canons seldom have rubrics. The later copies have more, and attempts are being made to identify families of these rubrics.

Martin Brett, with the help of Bruce Brasington, has made a provisional text available based on a considerable number of other manuscripts. When the readings varied greatly that reading was chosen which was closest to the formal source. The present analyis (IP) is based on the Brett/Brasington edition (in the version available in 2005), but in some cases follows the readings which correspond more closely to those in the Collectio X partium, an early Panormia derivative collection. In some cases, the incipit or explicit in the Brett/Brasington version is given in the column containing additional information. The readings in [199] the Brett/Brasington version are very close to those in the Collectio XIII librorum in the Ms Vat. lat. 1361, an early twelfth century Italian collection which combines canons from version A’ of the collection of Anselm with those of the Panormia.

Capitulatio

Descriptions of the contents of each of the eight parts of the collection come after the prologue. Each description contains a series of what are called capitula. The capitula are not repeated in the text in the way titles are repeated in other collections, but the canons follow in the same sequence and the canons belonging to the same capitulum are often copied so close together that it is difficult, if not impossible, to recognize where one canon ends and the next begins.

The capitula of the eight parts are as follows:

Prima pars istius libri continet de fide, De diversis heresibus, De sacramento fidei idest baptimate et ministerio baptizandorum et consecrandorum et consignandorum et de observatione singulorum et quid conferat baptisma, quid confirmatio, De sacramento corporis et sanguinis Christi, De missa et sanctitate aliorum sacramentorum.

Secunda pars continet de constitutione ecclesie, De oblationibus fidelium, De dedicatione et consecratione ecclesiarum et altarium, De sepultura, De presbiteris et eorum ecclesiis, De decimis, De legitima possessione et de confugientibus ad ecclesiam, De sacrilegio, De libertorum tutela, De alienatione et commutatione rerum ecclesiasticarum, De scripturis et conciliis authenticis, De consuetudinibus, De ieiunio et elemosina.

Tertia pars continet de electione et consecratione pape, archiepiscoporum, episcoporum, De ordinibus, De clericis et laicis ordinandis et non ordinandis, De mutatione episcoporum, De ordinatis et non reordinandis, De continentia ordinatorum, De simoniace ordinatis et ordinatoribus qui omnino sunt deponendi et qui misericorditer reconciliandi, De professione hereticorum, De lapsis in sacris ordinibus qui non debeant ministrare et qui misericorditer ad ministrandum possint [200] accedere, De clericis homicidis qui non debeant ministrare, De usurariis, De servis per ignorantiam ordinatis qui debeant manere in ordinatione, qui non, De clericis ebriosis, scurrilatoribus, De monachis, De etate qua possint parentes contradicere religioni filiorum et qua non possint, De viduis et virginibus velatis, De abbatissis.

Quarta pars continet de primatu et dignitate Romane ecclesie, De conciliis convocandis, De provincia quomodo constituenda sit, De potestate primatuum et metropolitanorum episcoporum, De negotiis et causis clericorum ubi debeant tractari, De spoliatis revestiendis, De accusatione quo ordine et a quibus personis et adversus quas personas debeat vel non debeat fieri, De testibus qui et quot et quomodo et in quo negotio testificari debeant vel non, De indutiis quo tempore et quanto tempore dande sunt, De subterfugientibus quanto tempore et qua ratione expectari debeant, De iudicibus quales debeant esse et quando sententiam iudicii debeant proferri, De appellatione quo tempore et qua ratione debeat fieri et de pena male appellantium.

Quinta pars continet de clericis sola infamia sine testibus accusatis quota manu se debeant purgare, De causis et negotiis laicorum, De vocatione excommunicandorum, De licita et illicita excommunicatione, De absolutione, De illis qui excommunicatis fidelitate aut sacramento astricti sunt quod possunt sine periurio absolvi ab illo sacramento, De hereticis post mortem excommunicandis, Quod sit communicandum non ex nomine excommunicatis.

Sexta pars continet de nuptiis quo scilicet tempore et inter quas personas et qua de causa debeant fieri, De tribus que perfectum reddunt coniugium, De perfecto et imperfecto coniugio, De concubinis, De coniugibus quorum alter sine altero continentiam vovit vel religionis habitum sumpsit, De uxoribus qui viris in captivitatem ductis aliis nupserunt, Quod sit coniugium inter personas eiusdem religionis, hoc est inter gentiles, inter iudeos, Inter personas vero que non sunt eiusdem religionis vel fidei non possunt fieri coniugium, Quibus de causis non debeant solvi coniugia, Cuiusmodi coniunctio non facit coniugium, De separatione coniugii non ob causam fornicationis.

Septima pars continet de separatione coniugii ob causam fornicationis carnalis, De viro qui cum alterius uxore fornicatur quia post mortem mariti non possit eam habere uxorem, De interfectione coniugum suarum, De fornicatione spirituali quod propter eam licite dimittatur uxor, De reconciliatione coniugum, De sacramento quod debent viri facere mulieribus et mulieres viris suis quando reconciliantur, De subiectione qua debent uxores viris suis subici, Qua ratione non [201] fieri debet coniugium inter parentes, De eo quod unus vir non potest duas commatres ducere unam post aliam, De eo qui cum filiola sua aut commatre aut qui filium suum baptizavit aut cuius uxor filium aut privignum suum de sacro fonte levavit aut ad confirmationem tenuit et ideo voluit separari, In quo ramusculo consanguinitatis possunt coniugia fieri, De accusatione consanguinitatis a quibus personis debet fieri, De sacramento quod debet fieri et quomodo debet fieri, De inquirenda parentela et de incestuoso discidio, De gradibus consanguinitatis recto et transverso ordine dispositis.

Octava pars continet de homicidio spontaneo et non spontaneo et quod potest fieri sine peccato, De eo qui quemlibet clericum occiderit, quid debeat emendare, De eo qui percusserit mulierem in utero habentem et abortierit utrum homicidium fecerit necne, De incantationibus et divinationibus et diverso genere magice artis, De natura demonum, De sortibus, De observatione dierum et mensium, De iuramento quod debeat teneri necne et quos habeat comites, De omni genere mendacii.

Reception

The Panormia became popular immediately because of its compact form and clear organization. Here only a sample of the collections influenced by it. The Panormia was used for the Collectio X partium compiled at Thérouanne in the early twelfth century. It was used for a number of minor French collections including the collections in the Mss Paris, Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, 1207; Douai, BM, 320 and Paris, BnF, lat. 16216. It was used by Alger of Lüttich and the early scholastics. In northern Italy it was used, together with the A’ version of the collection of Anselm of Lucca, for the 12th century collection in the Ms Vat. lat. 1361. It was also combined with that version in various manuscripts. At the end of book 10 in all copies of the version A’ are six excerpts from the Panormia dealing with marriage. Only in the copy in the Ms Florence, BML Ashburnham 53 are they identified as such, however: Incipit VI. Panormie ex libro constitutionum i. tit. viii. In the Ms Florence, BML San Marco 499, following book 13, are canons from books 1 and 6–8 of the Panormia of Ivo. Gratian used the Panormia extensively for his Concordia discordantium canonum. For both the early scholastics and Gratian the prologue was decisive in forming an attitude toward the resolution of apparent conflicts in canon law. Peter Landau has shown that the Panormia was used for the Summa Parisiensis, a summa on the Decretum of Gratian composed in the mid 12th century. [202]

For articles on individual manuscripts, see Category:Manuscript of IP (number of entries: 11).

Literature

For a list of the manuscripts, see Bruce Brasington, Zur Rezeption des Prologs Ivos von Chartres, DA 47 (1991), pp. 173–174. See also the website of Martin Brett and Brasington at: https://ivo-of-chartres.github.io/panormia.html. See also Gérard Fransen, La tradition manuscrite de la Panormie, BMCL 17 (1987), pp. 91–95; Idem, La tradition manuscrite de la Panormie d’Yves de Chartres, in: Proceedings of the 8th ICMCL, pp. 23–26.– For the prologue see Bruce Brasington, The Prologue of Ivo of Chartres: A fresh consideration of the manuscripts, in: Proceedings of the 8th ICMCL, pp. 3–22; Idem, Studies in the Nachleben, pp. 63–85. For the translation of the preface into English see Somerville and Brasington, Prefaces, pp. 132–158. – For the glosses in the Ms Cambridge, University Library Ff. iv. 41 see Brasington, Glossing Strategies in Two Manuscripts of Pre-Gratian Canonical Collections, in: Grundlagen des Rechts. Festschrift für Peter Landau zum 65. Geburtstag, ed. by Richard H. Helmholz (Paderborn 2000), pp. 155–162. – For the rubrics see Jacqueline Rambaud-Buhot, La critique des faux dans l’ancien droit canonique, BECh 126 (1968), pp. 47 ff; Eadem, Les sommaires de la Panormie et l’Édition de Melchior de Vosmédin, Traditio 23 (1967), pp. 534–536. See also Peter Landau, Die Rubriken und Inskriptionen von Ivos Panormie. Die Panormieausgabe Sebastian Brants im Vergleich zur Loewener Edition des Melchior de Vosmedian und der Ausgabe in der lateinischen Patrologie von Migne, BMCL 12 (1982), pp. 31–49; reprinted in his: Kanones und Dekretalen, pp. 97*–115*. – For the canons 8. 135–136 see Claudia Märtl, Die kanonistische Überlieferung der falschen Investiturprivilegien (Panormia 8. 135 and 136; D. 63 c. 22 and 23), BMCL 17 (1987), pp. 33–44. See also Jasper, Das Papstwahldekret, pp. 10–13. – For the sources see Brett, Urban II, pp. 27–46, here 44 ff. For the use of the collection in the Ms Arsenal 713, see Idem, The sources, pp. 156–160. – For the collections in the Mss Paris, Sainte-Geneviève 1207, Douai, BM 320 and Paris, BnF, lat. 16216 see Jasper, Das Papstwahldekret, p. 12 n. 43 and 44. For Alger see Kretzschmar, Alger von Lüttichs Traktat, pp. 27 f and 105–114. – For Gratian see Landau, Neue Forschungen, p. 25; reprinted in his: Kanones und Dekretalen, p. 201*. For use by the author of the Summa Parisiensis see Landau, Vorgratianische Kanonessammlungen bei den Dekretisten, in: Proceedings of the 8th ICMCL, p. 111. – For an attempt to understand the editing process of the Panormia by examining the editorial selections made between repetitious canons in the Decretum see Greta Austin, Editorial concerns in the Ivonian Panormia: the case of repetitious canons in book 8, ZRG Kan. 89 (2003), pp. 82–106. See now Martin Brett, Editions, Manuscripts and Readers in Some Pre-Gratian Collections, in: Ritual, Text and Law: Studies in Medieval Canon Law and Liturgy presented to Roger E. Reynolds, ed. by Kathleen G. Cushing and Richard F. Gyug, Ashgate 2004, pp. 208, 213-218. – Kéry, Collections p. 253–260. [203]