View source for Ivo of Chartres, Decretum

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Ivo of Chartres, ''Decretum''}}

{{Infobox collection
    | key            = ID
    | size           = Very large (more than 2000 canons)
    | tpq            = 1091
    | taq            = 1099
    | century        = saec. XI
    | location       = Chartres
    | normregion     = Northern France
    | generalregion  = Northwestern Europe
    | specificregion = Chartres
    | wikidata       = Q113382620
    | mss            = many (10 to 99)
    | title          = Ivo of Chartres, Decretum
    | author1        = Christof Rolker
}}

There are three systematic collections associated with Bishop Ivo of Chartres: the ''Tripartita'', the ''Decretum'', and the ''Panormia''. Only the ''Decretum'' can be linked with certainty to Ivo, who began to collect material when still at Saint-Quentin and had a mature version of the collection at hand in 1095.

== Structure and content ==
The ''Decretum'' is one of the most comprehensive systematic collections of canon law of the Middle Ages. The material (approximately 3760 canons) is organised thematically into seventeen books of varying length. The first two books are devoted to the sacraments, followed by individual books, for example on the ecclesiastical hierarchy (Book 5), marriage law (Book 8) and a book ‘on lay matters’ (Book 16: ''De officiis laicorum''); the last book is devoted to speculative theology. In general, canon law and theology are inseparable in Ivo's work; the ''Decretum'' contains an extraordinary amount of theological material (above all, from the writings of St Augustine). 

Ivo wrote a prologue to the ''Decretum'' that is found with all copies of his collection but also a number of other collections; almost all ''[[Panormia]]'' copies, the ''Panormia''-derivative ''[[Collectio X partium]]'', one ''[[Collectio Tripartita|Tripartita]]'' copy, an [[Exceptiones ecclesiasticarum regularum|abbreviation of Gratian's ''Decretum'']], and other works all begin with Ivo's prologue (which also was copied as part of his epistolary and enjoyed a separate circulation).

== Formal sources ==
The ''Decretum'' contains almost all material found in the [[Burchard of Worms, Liber decretorum|''Liber decretorum'' of Burchard of Worms]], and the division of the books is clearly inspired by Burchard. Ivo and his collaborators presumably used two different versions of the ''Liber decretorum''; [[Chartres, BM, 161]] is closely related to one of the copies they used. While Burchard's collection is comprehensive, it contributed only about half of the material that Ivo included in his own collection. The most important major sources are [[Collectio Tripartita#Tripartita A|part A of the ''Tripartita'']] and the ''[[Collectio Britannica]]''. The first of the two so-called [[Collectio canonum in Paris, Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal, 713|Arsenal collections]] is the best witness of the working materials Ivo and his team must have produced in the course of compiling the ''Decretum''. It served as a preparatory collection to the ''Decretum'' in that it contained most non-Burchardian materials that ultimately were included in the ''Decretum''. Another preparatory collection was a florilegium on the Eucharist Ivo had compiled when still canon at Saint-Quentin. Among the smaller sources, Ivo used Nicholas' ''Responsa'' perhaps from a manuscript related to [[Città del Vaticano, BAV, Vat. lat. 3827|Vat. lat. 3827]], the [[Collectio canonum in Chartres, BM, 193|collection of Chartres, BM, 193]], and the [[Collectio canonum in Paris, BnF, lat. 13368|''Collectio canonum'' in Paris, BnF, lat. 13368]].

== Editions ==
The first edition was published by Jean van der Meulen (Molinaeus) in 1561 at Louvain. His edition was based on two copies, a „codex regius“ and a Cologne manuscript which no one has been able to identify. The surviving manuscript closest to the edition is Vat. Pal. lat. 587. Jean Fronteau published in Paris in 1647 a second, inferior edition as the first volume of the ''Opera omnia'' of Ivo. This second edition was reprinted in {{Author|Migne PL}} 161. 47–1036. At present Martin Brett is preparing an edition he makes available at https://ivo-of-chartres.github.io/decretum.html
== The ''Decretum'' in the ''Clavis'' Database ==
The present analysis ({{Coll|ID}}) is based on [[Paris, BnF, lat. 14315]].

==Extant Manuscripts ==
Only a relatively small number of complete copies have survived, but as relatively many fragments make clear, the impact of Ivo's collection was wide and rapid; already in his lifetime, it was read, used, and copied well outside his diocese.

===Sigla of the edition===
The ''sigla'' for the major manuscripts in the following table are those of the edition by Martin {{Author|Brett}}.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sigla
!Manuscript
|-
|'''A'''
|[[Collectio canonum in Paris, Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal, 713|Paris, Arsenal, 713]] (Northern France, saec. XII)
|-
|'''B'''
|[[Paris, BnF, lat. 3874]] (incomplete; from Moissac, saec. XII<sup>2/2</sup>)
|-
|'''C'''
|[[Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, 19]] (Christ Church, Canterbury, ca. 1125)
|-
|'''D'''
|[[Città del Vaticano, BAV, Pal. lat. 587|Pal. lat. 587]] (incomplete; saec. XII)
|-
|'''M'''
|[[Ivo ed Molinaeus|The ''editio princeps'' by Molinaeus]] (1561)
|-
|'''P'''
| [[Paris, BnF, lat. 14315]] (written perhaps in the Chartres area, saec. XII)
|-
|'''R'''
|[[London, British Library, Royal 11.D.VII]] (from Lincoln, saec. XII/XIII)
|-
|'''S'''
|[[Sigüenza, Archivo de la Catedral, 61]] (incomplete; saec. XIII)
|-
|'''V'''
|[[Città del Vaticano, BAV, Vat. lat. 1357]] (French, saec. XII)
|}

=== English vs. French manuscripts ===
{{Author|Landau}} divided the surviving copies of the ''Decretum'' into a French ('''P''' and '''V''') and an English group ('''C''' and '''R'''). He established that the „French“ version was used in compiling ''Collectio B'' of the ''Tripartita'', the ''Panormia'', the ''Collectio S. Genoveve'' and a collection on fol. 314r–393v of the Ms Paris, BnF, lat. 4809. 

As {{Author|Brett}} has shown, '''P''' and '''V''' share many readings against '''C''' and '''R''' (and vice versa). There are also some texts found in group but not the other. While there is some evidence that the exemplars behind '''PV''' and '''CR''' were reworked independently (when eliminating doublets, they made different choices), the workshops producing these two versions were apparently in contact with each other ({{Author|Rolker}}). An appendix of three folia at the end of the „French“ Vat. lat. 1357 (fol. 244va–247rb), written in the main hand, contains the canons found in the „English“ copies. 

===Manuscript descriptions on this wiki===
For manuscripts, see [[:Category:Manuscript of ID]] (number of entries: {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Manuscript of ID}}).

== Influence on other collections ==
The ''Decretum'' was used widely in northern France and England in the first half of the twelfth century, and copied well beyond that date. Several compilers took the massive ''Decretum'' as the starting point for their own, shorter collections. The most famous abbreviations of this kind are [[Collectio Tripartita#Tripartita B|part B of the ''Tripartita'']] and the extremely influential ''[[Panormia]]'' (which took additional material from the ''[[Collectio IV librorum]]''). Another short version is the Harly Abbreviation named after [[London, British Library, Harley 3090]].

==Literature ==

For the manuscripts, the editions and the classification of the copies and some of the excerpts see {{Author|Landau}}, Das Dekret, pp. 1–44; reprinted in his: Kanones und Dekretalen, pp. 117*–160* and 473*f. He also lists the canons peculiar to each version. For the manuscripts, the sources and the use of the ''Britannica'' see {{Author|Brett}}, Urban II, pp. 41–44. – For the prologue see Bruce {{Author|Brasington}}, The Prologue of Ivo of Chartres: A fresh consideration of the manuscripts, in : Proceedings of the 8th ICMCL, pp. 3–22. {{Author|Idem}}, Studies in the ''Nachleben'' of Ivo of Chartres: The Influence of his Prologue on Several Panormia-Derivate Collections, in: Proceedings of the 9th ICMCL, pp. 63–85. –For the translation of the prologue into English, see {{Author|Somerville}} and {{Author|Brasington}}, Prefaces, pp. 132–158. Jean {{Author|Werckmeister}} has published the Latin text, a translation into French together with an introduction: Yves de Chartres, Prologue, texte latin et traduction française (Sources canoniques 1, Paris 1997). See also from {{Author|Werckmeister}}, Le premier „canoniste“: Yves de Chartres, RDC 47/1 (1997), pp. 53–70. – For the use of two copies of Burchard see {{Author|Fowler-Magerl}}, Fine Distinctions, pp. 146–152. – For the papal decretals see {{Author|Jasper}}, The Beginning of the Decretal Tradition, passim. Jasper has established the use of the ''Britannica'' for letters of popes Honorius (see p. 90 n. 5) and Leo IV (p. 109) and the use of both the ''Tripartita'' and the ''Britannica'' for some of the letters of pope Nicholas I (p. 124). Most of the letters of popes John VIII and Stephen V were also taken from the ''Britannica''. For the letters of pope Leo I, see p. 57 n. 237, for the letters of pope John VIII, p. 129 f, for the letters of pope Stephen V, p. 131. – For the use of a synodal ordo taken from an Italian copy of the ''Liber decretorum'' of Burchard see {{Author|Schneider}}, Die Konzilsordines, pp. 36 f  [{{FM|198}}] and 89. – For the excerpt in the Ms Lincoln see Paul {{Author|Fournier}}, Notes sur les anciennes collections, RHD 12 (1933), pp. 130–132. – I would like to express my gratitude to Martin {{Author|Brett}} who lent me his analyse of the excerpt in the Ms Antwerp, Musaeum Plantin-Moretus M. 227 and to Hans {{Author|Van de Wouw}} who lent me his analyse of the Ms Leiden, BPL 184. {{Author|Landau}}, Neue Forschungen, pp. 25–27; reprinted in his: Kanones und Deketalen, p. 201*–203*. {{Author|Idem}}, Quellen und Bedeutung des Gratianischen Dekrets, Studia et Documenta Historiae et Iuris 52 (1986), p. 223; reprinted in his: Kanones und Dekretalen, p. 212*.

See now Martin {{Author|Brett}}, Editions, Manuscripts and Readers in Some Pre-Gratian Collections, in: Ritual, Text and Law: Studies in Medieval Canon Law and Liturgy presented to Roger E. Reynolds, ed. K. G. {{Author|Cushing}} and R. F. {{Author|Gyug}} (Ashgate 2004), p. 212. – {{Author|Kéry}}, Collections p. {{Kery|250}}–253 – {{Author|Rolker}}, Canon law pp. 329-357.


[[Category:Collection Key is ID]] 
[[Category:Canonical Collection]]
[[Category:Collection belonging to Ivonian Collections]]
[[Category:very large (more than 2000 canons) collection]]
[[Category:Collection from Chartres]] 
[[Category:Collection from Northern France]]
[[Category:Collection saec XI]]